#Views from the 6 drake torreent torrent#

Various factors are involved in the emergence and spread of drug resistant bacteria. Currently, the rate of resistant bacteria is increasing, whereas the development of new antibiotics has dramatically declined over the past two decades ( Spellberg et al., 2004). Bacteria can respond rapidly to environmental changes owing to their short growth cycles, which enable them to evolve and adapt rapidly and survive under unfavorable conditions ( Clatworthy et al., 2007). Acquired drug resistance to antimicrobial agents has been a widely recognized problem ( Tenover, 2001 Spellberg et al., 2004 Wall, 2019 Rocha-Granados et al., 2020). The misuse of antibiotics, as well as inappropriate prescription and overuse, has led to strong selective pressure, resulting in the survival and wide distribution of drug-resistant pathogens that threaten the public health system globally ( Barbosa and Levy, 2000 Ventola, 2015). These finding will facilitate development of therapeutic agents against multidrug-resistant infections. The selection against the antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations caused by abnormal epigenetic modifications exemplifies possible mechanisms of antibiotic resistance reversion induced by iodine-containing compounds. It was hypothesized that the disrupted pattern of adenine methylated loci within methicillin-resistance chromosome cassettes (SCC mec) may promote excision of this antibiotic resistance determinant from chromosomes while the altered pattern of cytosine methylation was behind the adaptive gene regulation in the culture FS. aureus culture appeared to be more sensitive to FS-1 due to a higher penetrability of cells by iodine bound compounds, which caused carbonyl stress associated with nucleotide damaging by FS-1, abnormal epigenetic modifications and an increased rate of mutations. Several commonalities in responses of these phylogenetically distant microorganisms to the treatment with FS-1 were discovered, which included metabolic transition toward anaerobiosis and oxidative/osmotic stress response. aureus BAA-39 with FS-1 were compared to the results of a similar experiment conducted with another model organism, E. Additionally, the genetic alterations caused by the treatment of S. Results of transcriptional profiling, variant calling and detection of epigenetic modifications in the FS variant were compared to the NC variant. aureus BAA-39 and to perform profiling of epigenetically modified nucleotides.

PacBio DNA reads were used to assemble chromosomal DNA of the NC and FS variants of S.

#Views from the 6 drake torreent torrent#

Chromosomal DNA and total RNA samples extracted from the FS-1 treated strain (FS) and from the negative control (NC) cultures were sequenced by PacBio SMRT and Ion Torrent technologies, respectively. The discovery of a new drug, an iodine-containing nano-molecular complex FS-1, which has proven to improve susceptibility to antibiotics in various pathogens, including MRSA strain Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-39 TM, allowed studying this phenomenon.

2Scientific Center for Anti-Infectious Drugs (SCAID), Almaty, KazakhstanДЄpplication of supplementary drugs which increase susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics is a promising yet unexplored approach to overcome the global problem of multidrug-resistant infections.

1Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (CBCB), Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.

Korotetskiy 2*, Monique Joubert 1, Sergey V.